BT项目的若干法律问题研究/冯兴吾

作者:法律资料网 时间:2024-07-23 03:23:49   浏览:9355   来源:法律资料网
下载地址: 点击此处下载
BT项目的若干法律问题研究

        冯兴吾 汪长海 


内容摘要:BOT是20世纪80年代初出现的一种新型的利用国际私人资本进行基础设施项目投资的方式。BT是BOT的演变。本文简述了BT的内涵及法律特征,并对BT方式的作用进行了分析,指出BT的缺陷,提出了完善的建议。
关键词:BT 法律 研究

  BOT是对Build-Own-Transfer(建设-拥有-转让)和Build-Operate-Transfer(建设-经营-转让)形式的简称。现在通常指后一种含义。而BT是BOT的一种历史演变,即Build-Transfer(建设-转让),即政府通过特许协议,引入国外资金或民间资金进行专属于政府的基础设施建设,基础设施建设完工后,该项目设施的有关权利按协议由政府赎回。在我国实践中,标准意义的BOT项目较多,但类似BOT项目的BT却并不多见。本文试图从法律的角度分析这一问题。既分析BT项目的积极作用,又指出BT项目的缺陷,提出解决问题的设想。
  一、BT项目的法律特征
  BT是一种新型、特殊的投资方式。作为一种新的融资方式,同其他融资方式而言,有其自身的法律特征:
  1、BT法律性质的特殊性
  BT特许协议的特殊性在BT运作中政府主管部门授权私人投资者进行BT项目建设的协议,不同于政府对建设项目的批准书。BT特许协议的法律性质,从不同角度,可以得出不同的定性。所以,BT特许协议并不专属于平等主体之间的合同,不单纯是行政机关为了特定的行政管理目标和履行行政职能而与相对人协商达成一致的协议。恰恰相反,BT特许协议的内涵和外延,早已突破了单一学科的局限,而扩及于或涉及到民事、行政、经济法等,形成了一种多门类、跨学科的边缘性综合学科。
  2、BT主体的特殊性
  一方为东道国政府或代表政府的政府机构;另一方为私人投资者或企业,大多数为外商企业,其中政府或代表政府的政府机构既是一个与私人投资者或企业地位平等的伙伴,又是一个具体实施的监督者,即具有双重身份。
  3、BT投资客体的特殊性
  作为BT的标的基础设施,如桥梁、公路等,不同于其他的投资项目,属于社会公益事业,东道国对其享有绝对的建设权。同时,又因BT涉及到本国使用者之利益,国家必须权衡国情和投资者利益两个方面,对其行使价格决定权及相应的管理监督权。 
  4、BT法律关系的复杂性
  BT内容涉及投资、融资、建设、转让等一系列活动,当事人与参与人包括东道国政府、项目主办人、项目公司、项目货款人、项目原材料供应商、融资担保人、保险公司以及其他可能的参与人。因此,BT投资方式形成了众多当事人或参与人的纷繁复杂的法律关系。
  5、BT是合同的组合
  BT所涉及当事人的权利义务关系是通过合同确立的。其中包括贷款合同、建设合同、回购协议以及股东协议等。如某BT项目投资合同就包括定义与解释、工程、工程造价、工程实施责任、基础设施的建造、转让所有权、赔偿责任、文件和专利、不可抗力、保险、争议解决等20余项。
  二、BT的作用
  十一届三中全会以来,我国经济快速发展,综合国力明显增强,这为BT方式的运用提供了有利条件,经济的发展必然对基础设施建设提出了更高的要求,而这些基础设施建设通过何种方式建设更为科学、有效、经济,BT方式作为一种新的运作方式进入了市场。其表现在以下方面:
  1、BT方式有助于基础设施建设缓解资金困难。
  在传统的基础设施建设中,政府是出资人,也是建设、维护的具体实施人。但近10余年来,世界发生了极其广泛而深刻的变化,科技革命的迅猛发展,生产力高速增长,国际经济结构加速调整,大大加快了世界经济一体化进程,各种生产要素和资源优化配置的规律性追求,促使资本、技术和信息等的跨区域流动,使跨区域投资总额大幅上升,为各国经济发展带来了机遇。
  来自权威部门的预测,未来10年新建、改建公路总投资达到7000亿到8000亿人民币。如“十五”期间,广东省高速公路续建和新建项目达45个,涉及总里程2500多公里,共需筹措建设资金1200亿人民币。利用BT方式有利于解决基础设施不足与建设资金短缺的矛盾,有利于引导和吸纳社会资金向基础设施投资的流动,使之成为新的经济增长点,实现基础设施建设的良性循环。
  2、BT方式有助于实施积极财政政策
  财政政策是指国家政府为实现一定的宏观经济目标而调整财政收支规模和收支平衡的指导原则及其相应的措施。财政政策贯穿于财政工作的全过程,体现在收入、支出、预算平衡和国家债务等各个方面。在市场经济条件下财政功能的正常发挥,主要取决于财政政策的适当运用。在国民经济存在总需求不足时,通过扩张性财政政策使总需求与总供给的差额缩小以至平衡。BT方式吸引了国外资金和社会资金进入基础设施领域,使政府的积极财政政策得到顺利实现,促使国民经济良性循环。
  3、BT方式有助防范金融风险
  资金是社会的“血液”和“神经”,涉及面广,敏感性强,社会任何环节问题都可能使金融业受到冲击。金融风险一旦爆发,极容易形成连动效应,扩大蔓延,危及整个经济和社会稳定。BT方式不要或少要国家投资,同样能达到加大基础设施建设的目的,是一种务实的控制债务规模又能引导内需,扩大消费的渠道。
  4、有助于提高项目运作效率和质量
  BT方式有利于在投资建设中引进先进的技术和管理方法,有利于改善基础设施建设投资结构。同时,对投资的企业财团也有利,投资方可以按照政府的规划投资,减少投资的盲目性。通过项目使资本到增值。
  三、BT的缺陷
  BT方式虽然作用显著,但缺陷也不少,我国各级政府必须高度重视。
  1、BT项目建设费用过大
  采用BT方式必须经过确定项目、项目准备、招标、谈判、签署与BT有关的合同,移交等阶段,涉及到政府许可、审批以及外汇担保等诸多环节,牵扯的范围广,操作的难度大,障碍多,不易实施,最重要的是融资成本也因中间环节多而增高。
  2、BT方式中的融资监管难度大
  由于BT法律性质的特殊性,法律关系的复杂性,而且是一种合同的组合,因此,融资监管难度大。
  3、BT项目的分包情况严重
  由于BT方式中政府只与项目总承包人发生直接联系,建议由项目企业负责落实,因此项目的落实可能被细化,建设项目的分包将愈显严重。
  4、BT项目质量得不到应有的保证
  在BT项目中,政府虽规定督促和协助投资方建立三级质量保证体系,申请政府质量监督,健全各项管理制度,抓好安全生产。但是,投资方出于其利益考虑,在BT项目的建设标准、建设内容、施工进度等方面存在问题,建设质量得不到应有的保证。
  四、BT项目中的完善
  1、完善BT运行机制,寻求法律支持
  在BT项目的谈判中、签订中、履行中以及转让中寻求法律的支持是客观的需要,这对于BT项目的健康有序运行十分必要。应该说,没有法律的支持,BT方式是不完整的。
  ⑴、在BT项目的谈判中
  当政府主管部门将采用BT方式融资进行基础设施建设时,作为法律服务工作者的律师、公证员要参与商务谈判、起草法律文件、提供法律咨询、提出司法建议等。
  如果是通过招标投标方式从优确定投资者。公证机构应该积极介入,依据《中华人民共和国招标投标法》和司法部《招标投标公证程序细则》审查整个招投标过程,特别是对开标过程的真实性、合法性进行现场公证。
  ⑵、在协议签订中
  BT项目企业确定后,政府主管部门应与该项目企业签订《投资建设合同书》,这个合同书是BT项目的核心协议,此后的一系列协议,都应依据此合同,公证机构应从形式要件、实质要件进行审查,确保这一合同的真实合法有效。如果项目企业由多家投资者组成,投资者之间也应办理公证。实践中,外资企业一般会依照国际惯例提出办理公证的要求,使BT项目更趋规范化。
下载地址: 点击此处下载

福建省各级人民代表大会常务委员会办理人民群众来信来访工作条例

福建省人大常委会


福建省各级人民代表大会常务委员会办理人民群众来信来访工作条例
福建省人大常委会


(1991年12月25日福建省第七届人民代表大会常务委员会第二十五次会议通过 1991年12月31日公布施行)


第一条 为了加强人民群众的来信来访工作,密切福建省各级人民代表大会常务委员会(以下简称人大常委会)与人民群众的联系,根据《中华人民共和国宪法》、《中华人民共和国地方各级人民代表大会和地方各级人民政府组织法》的有关规定,结合我省实际情况,制定本条例。
第二条 各级人大常委会的信访工作以党的基本路线为指导,为人大常委会履行宪法、地方组织法赋予的各项职权服务;为促进民主与法制建设服务;为人民群众服务。
第三条 各级人大常委会信访工作任务:
(一)受理和接待人民群众的来信来访;
(二)受理人大常委会组成人员交办的人民群众来信来访事项;
(三)受理上级人大常委会交办的人民群众来信来访事项;
(四)反映信访工作情况、动态和信访中的重要问题。
第四条 各级人大常委会办理下列内容的人民群众来信来访:
(一)对本级人大及其常委会通过的决议、决定和制定的地方性法规的建议、批评和意见;
(二)对本级人大及其常委会工作的建议、批评和意见;
(三)对本级人民代表大会代表、常委会组成人员的建议、批评和意见;
(四)对本级人民政府、人民法院、人民检察院违反法律的行政、司法行为的批评和意见;
(五)对本级人大及其常委会选举和任命的国家权力机关、行政机关、审判机关、检察机关工作人员违法渎职行为的检举和控告;
(六)对下一级人大及其常委会或乡镇人民代表大会的决议、决定的建议、批评和意见;
(七)对不服本级人民法院的判决、裁定和人民检察院免予起诉、不予起诉决定的申诉信访件;
(八)人民群众反映的人大常委会职权内的其他重大问题。
第五条 各级人大常委会对人民群众来信来访件分别情况作如下处理:
(一)按照“分级负责,归口办理”的原则,交有关职能部门办理,有关部门必须认真调查处理,并答复来信来访者;
(二)发函交有关职能部门查办的信访件,应明确提出必须查实的问题,承办单位应在三个月内向人大常委会报告查处结果,并答复来信来访者,到期不能上报的,要说明情况;
(三)对于承办单位处理不当的,可以要求其重新调查并提出处理意见,或要求其补充说明,承办单位应在接到重新调查或补充说明的通知之日起二个月内办结,并向人大常委会报告结果;
(四)对本级人民政府、人民法院、人民检察院因职责不明、管辖不清而均不予受理的控告、申诉案,由人大常委会指定承办单位;
(五)对需要进一步调查核实后处理的信访件,分别情况,责成有关部门调查处理,或由人大常委会办事机构组织调查处理,必要时,经人大常委会决定,组织特定问题调查委员会调查处理。
第六条 各级人大常委会在办理信访件中,对需要调阅案卷的,由人大常委会或人大常委会主任会议授权的办事机构向本级人民政府、人民法院、人民检察院查阅或调阅有关案卷、卷宗或材料。
第七条 对上级人大常委会交办的信访件应及时办理,并应在三个月内或按上级人大常委会规定的期限内办结并报告结果。
第八条 对信访工作做出显著成绩的单位和个人,各级人大常委会及有关领导机关可给予表扬和奖励。
第九条 国家机关工作人员有下列行为之一的,各级人大常委会及有关领导机关可给予批评教育、行政处理,构成犯罪的,依法追究刑事责任:
(一)对来信不及时阅办,对应接访而拒不接访造成严重后果的;
(二)对有理有据的申诉控告推诿、拖延或拒不办理造成严重后果的;
(三)对交办的信访件拖延不办,又不说明理由的;
(四)受贿索贿、徇私枉法,报复打击当事人的;
(五)将控告、检举材料转交或转告被控告、被检举者的;
(六)利用职权引诱、恐吓、胁迫当事人就范的;
(七)其他违纪违法行为。
第十条 来信来访人员中有下列行为之一的,各级人大常委会可责成有关部门给予批评教育、行政处分,或由民政、公安部门收容遣送、治安处罚或劳动教养,构成犯罪的,由司法机关追究刑事责任:
(一)无理取闹,不听劝告,妨碍国家机关工作人员执行公务的;
(二)聚众闹事,影响国家机关正常工作秩序,冲击人民代表大会及其常务委员会的;
(三)利用各种手段侮辱、威胁、殴打、伤害信访工作人员的;
(四)利用信访渠道捏造事实诬陷他人、散布谣言或反革命言论的;
(五)其他违纪违法行为。
第十一条 对香港、澳门、台湾同胞和海外侨胞的来信来访均按本条例的规定办理。
第十二条 福建省各乡镇人民代表大会主席团办理人民群众来信来访可参照本条例执行。
第十三条 本条例由福建省人大常委会负责解释。
第十四条 本条例自公布之日起施行。



1991年12月31日

中华人民共和国营业税暂行条例实施细则(附英文)

财政部


中华人民共和国营业税暂行条例实施细则(附英文)

1993年12月25日,财政部

细则
第一条 根据《中华人民共和国营业税暂行条例》(以下简称条例)第十六条的规定制定本细则。
第二条 条例第一条所称应税劳务是指属于交通运输业、建筑业、金融保险业、邮电通信业、文化体育业、娱乐业、服务业税目征收范围的劳务。
加工和修理、修配,不属于条例所称应税劳务(以下简称非应税劳务)。
第三条 条例第五条第(五)项所称外汇、有价证券、期货买卖业务,是指金融机构(包括银行和非银行金融机构)从事的外汇、有价证券、期货买卖业务。非金融机构和个人买卖外汇、有价证券或期货,不征收营业税。
条例第五条第(五)项所称期货,是指非货物期货。货物期货不征收营业税。
第四条 条例第一条所称提供应税劳务、转让无形资产或销售不动产,是指有偿提供应税劳务、有偿转让无形资产或者有偿转让不动产所有权的行为(以下简称应税行为)。但单位或个体经营者聘用的员工为本单位或雇主提供应税劳务,不包括在内。
前款所称有偿,包括取得货币、货物或其他经济利益。
单位或个人自己新建(以下简称自建)建筑物后销售,其自建行为视同提供应税劳务。

转让不动产有限产权或永久使用权,以及单位将不动产无偿赠与他人,视同销售不动产。
第五条 一项销售行为如果既涉及应税劳务又涉及货物,为混合销售行为。从事货物的生产、批发或零售的企业、企业性单位及个体经营者的混合销售行为,视为销售货物,不征收营业税;其他单位和个人的混合销售行为,视为提供应税劳务,应当征收营业税。
纳税人的销售行为是否属于混合销售行为,由国家税务总局所属征收机关确定。
第一款所称货物,是指有形动产,包括电力、热力、气体在内。
第一款所称从事货物的生产、批发或零售的企业、企业性单位及个体经营者,包括以从事货物的生产、批发或零售为主,并兼营应税劳务的企业、企业性单位及个体经营者在内。

第六条 纳税人兼营应税劳务与货物或非应税劳务的,应分别核算应税劳务的营业额和货物或者非应税劳务的销售额。不分别核算或者不能准确核算的,其应税劳务与货物或者非应税劳务一并征收增值税,不征收营业税。
纳税人兼营的应税劳务是否应当一并征收增值税,由国家税务总局所属征收机关确定。

第七条 除本细则第八条另有规定外,有下列情形之一者,为条例第一条所称在中华人民共和国境内(以下简称境内)提供应税劳务、转让无形资产或者销售不动产:
(一)所提供的劳务发生在境内;
(二)在境内载运旅客或货物出境;
(三)在境内组织旅客出境旅游;
(四)所转让的无形资产在境内使用;
(五)所销售的不动产在境内。
第八条 有下列情形之一者,为在境内提供保险劳务:
(一)境内保险机构提供的保险劳务,但境内保险机构为出口货物提供保险除外;
(二)境外保险机构以在境内的物品为标的提供的保险劳务。
第九条 条例第一条所称单位,是指国有企业、集体企业、私有企业、股份制企业、其他企业和行政单位、事业单位、军事单位、社会团体及其他单位。
条例第一条所称个人,是指个体工商户及其他有经营行为的个人。
第十条 企业租赁或承包给他人经营的,以承租人或承包人为纳税人。
第十一条 除本细则第十二条另有规定外,负有营业税纳税义务的单位为发生应税行为并向对方收取货币、货物或其他经济利益的单位,包括独立核算的单位和不独立核算的单位。
第十二条 中央铁路运营业务的纳税人为铁道部,合资铁路运营业务的纳税人为合资铁路公司,地方铁路运营业务的纳税人为地方铁路管理机构,基建临管线运营业务的纳税人为基建临管线管理机构。
从事水路运输、航空运输、管道运输或其他陆路运输业务并负有营业税纳税义务的单位,为从事运输业务并计算盈亏的单位。
第十三条 立法机关、司法机关、行政机关的收费,同时具备下列条件的,不征收营业税:
(一)国务院、省级人民政府或其所属财政、物价部门以正式文件允许收费,而且收费标准符合文件规定的;
(二)所收费用由立法机关、司法机关、行政机关自己直接收取的。
第十四条 条例第五条所称价外费用,包括向对方收取的手续费、基金、集资费、代收款项、代垫款项及其他各种性质的价外收费。
凡价外费用,无论会计制度规定如何核算,均应并入营业额计算应纳税额。
第十五条 纳税人提供应税劳务、转让无形资产或销售不动产价格明显偏低而无正当理由的,主管税务机关有权按下列顺序核定其营业额:
(一)按纳税人当月提供的同类应税劳务或者销售的同类不动产的平均价格核定。
(二)按纳税人最近时期提供的同类应税劳务或者销售的同类不动产的平均价格核定。

(三)按下列公式核定计税价格:
计税价格=营业成本或工程成本×(1+成本利润率)÷(1-营业税税率)
上列公式中的成本利润率,由省、自治区、直辖市人民政府所属税务机关确定。
第十六条 根据条例第四条的规定,纳税人按外汇结算营业额的,其营业额的人民币折合率可以选择营业额发生的当天或当月1日的国家外汇牌价(原则上为中间价)。但金融保险企业营业额的人民币折合率为上年度决算报表确定的汇率。
纳税人应在事先确定选择采用何种折合率,确定后一年内不得变更。
第十七条 运输企业从事联运业务的营业额为其实际取得的营业额。
条例第五条第六项中所称的其他情形,包括旅游企业组织旅游团在中国境内旅游的,以收取的旅游费减去替旅游者支付给其他单位的房费、餐费、交通、门票和其他代付费用后的余额营业额。
第十八条 纳税人从事建筑、修缮、装饰工程作业,无论与对方如何结算,其营业额均应包括工程所用原材料及其他物资和动力的价款在内。
纳税人从事安装工程作业,凡所安装的设备的价值作为安装工程产值的,其营业额应包括设备的价款在内。
第十九条 本细则第四条所称自建行为的营业额,比照本细则第十五条的规定确定。

第二十条 条例第五条第(四)项所称转贷业务,是指将借入的资金贷与他人使用的业务。将吸收的单位或者个人的存款或者自有资本金贷与他人使用的业务,不属于转贷业务。
第二十一条 保险业实行分保险的,初保业务以全部保费收入减去付给分保人的保费后的余额为营业额。
第二十二条 单位或个人进行演出,以全部票价收入或者包场收入减去付给提供演出场所的单位、演出公司或者经纪人的费用后的余额为营业额。
第二十三条 娱乐业的营业额为经营娱乐业向顾客收取的各项费用,包括门票收费、台位费、点歌费、烟酒和饮料收费及经营娱乐业的其他各项收费。
第二十四条 旅游业务,以全部收费减去为旅游者付给其他单位的食、宿和交通费用后的余额为营业额。
旅游企业组织旅客在境内旅游,改由其他旅游企业接团的,其销售额比照条例第五条第(二)项规定确定。
第二十五条 单位将不动产无偿赠与他人,其营业额比照本细则第十五条的规定确定。
第二十六条 条例第六条规定的部分免税项目的范围,限定如下:
(一)第一款第(二)项所称残疾人员个人提供的劳务,是指残疾人员本人为社会提供的劳务。
(二)第一款第(三)项所称医院、诊所、其他医疗机构提供的医疗服务,是指对患者进行诊断、治疗和防疫、接生、计划生育方面的服务,以及与这些服务有关的提供药品、医疗用具、病房住宿和伙食的业务。
(三)第一款第(四)项所称学校及其他教育机构,是指普通学校以及经地、市级以上人民政府或者同级政府的教育行政部门批准成立、国家承认其学员学历的各类学校。
(四)第一款第(五)项所称农业机耕,是指在农业、林业、牧业中使用农业机械进行耕作(包括耕耘、种植、收割、脱粒、植保等)的业务。
排灌,是指对农田进行灌溉或排涝的业务。
病虫害防治,是指从事农业、林业、牧业、渔业的病虫害测报和防治的业务。
农牧保险,是指为种植业、养殖业、牧业种植和饲养的动植物提供保险的业务。
相关技术培训,是指与农业机耕、排灌、病虫害防治、植保业务相关以及为使农民获得农牧保险知识的技术培训业务。
家禽、牲畜、水生动物的配种和疾病防治业务的免税范围,包括与该项劳务有关的提供药品和医疗用具的业务。
(五)第一款第(六)项所称纪念馆、博物馆、文化馆、美术馆、展览馆、书(画)院、图书馆、文物保护单位举办文化活动,是指这些单位在自己的场所举办的属于文化体育业税目征税范围的文化活动。其售票收入,是指销售第一道门票的收入。
宗教场所举办文化、宗教活动的售票收入,是指寺庙、宫观、清真寺和教堂举办文化、宗教活动销售门票的收入。
第二十七条 条例第十七条所称营业税起征点的适用范围限于个人。
营业税起征点的幅度规定如下:
按期纳税的起征点为月营业额200—800元;
按次纳税的起征点为每次(日)营业额50元;
纳税人营业额达到起征点的,应按营业额全额计算应纳税额。
省、自治区、直辖市人民政府所属税务机关应在规定的幅度内,根据实际情况确定本地区适用的起征点,并报国家税务总局备案。
第二十八条 纳税人转让土地使用权或者销售不动产,采用预收款方式的,其纳税义务发生时间为收到预收款的当天。
纳税人有本细则第四条所称自建行为的,其自建行为的纳税义务发生时间,为其销售自建建筑物并收讫营业额或者取得索取营业额的凭据的当天。
纳税人将不动产无偿赠与他人,其纳税义务发生时间为不动产所有权转移的当天。
第二十九条 条例第十一条所称其他扣缴义务人规定如下:
(一)境外单位或者个人在境内发生应税行为而在境内未设有经营机构的,其应纳税款以代理者为扣缴义务人;没有代理者的,以受让者或者购买者为扣缴义务人。
(二)单位或者个人进行演出由他人售票的,其应纳税款以售票者为扣缴义务人。
(三)演出经纪人为个人的,其办理演出业务的应纳税款以售票者为扣缴义务人。
(四)分保险业务,以初保人为扣缴义务人。
(五)个人转让条例第十二条第(二)项所称其他无形资产的,其应纳税款以受让者为扣缴义务人。
第三十条 纳税人提供的应税劳务发生在外县(市),应向劳务发生地主管税务机关申报纳税而未申报纳税的,由其机构所在地或者居住地主管税务机关补征税款。
第三十一条 纳税人承包的工程跨省、自治区、直辖市的,向其机构所在地主管税务机关申报纳税。
第三十二条 纳税人在本省、自治区、直辖市范围内发生应税行为,其纳税地点需要调整的,由省、自治区、直辖市人民政府所属税务机关确定。
第三十三条 金融业(不包括典当业)的纳税期限为一个季度。
保险业的纳税期限为一个月。
第三十四条 本细则所称“以上”、“以下”,均含本数或本级。
第三十五条 本细则由财政部解释,或者由国家税务总局解释。
第三十六条 本细则从条例施行之日起实施。1984年9月28日财政部颁发的《中华人民共和国营业税条例(草案)实施细则》同时废止。

DETAILED RULE FOR THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE PROVISIONAL REGULATIONOF THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA ON BUSINESS TAX

(Ministry of Finance: 25 December 1993)

Whole Doc.
Article 1
These Detailed Rules are formulated in accordance with the
stipulations of Article 16 of Republic of China on Business Tax> (hereinafter referred to as the
'Regulations').
Article 2
"Taxable services" as mentioned in Article 1 of the Regulations
refers to services within the scope of taxable items in the communications
and transportation, construction, finance and insurance, posts and
telecommunications, culture and sports, entertainment and service
industries.
Processing, repair and replacement are not taxable services as
mentioned in the Regulations (hereinafter referred to as 'non- taxable
services').
Article 3
"The foreign exchange, marketable securities and futures buying and
selling business" as mentioned in Item 5 of Article 5 of the Regulations
refers to the foreign exchange, marketable securities and futures buying
and selling business carried on by financial institutions (including banks
and non-bank financial institutions). The buying and selling of foreign
exchange, marketable securities or futures by non-financial institutions
or individuals shall not be subject to Business Tax.
"Futures" as mentioned in Item 5 of Article 5 of the Regulations
refer to non-commodities futures. Futures on commodities shall not be
subject to Business Tax.
Article 4
"Provision of taxable services, transfer of intangible assets or the
sale of immovable properties" as mentioned in Article 1 of the Regulations
refers to activities of providing taxable services, transferring
intangible assets or ownership of immovable properties with consideration
(hereinafter referred to as the 'taxable activities'). However, taxable
services provided by the staff employed by units or individual operators
to their own units or employers shall not be included therein.
The term "with consideration" in the preceding paragraph includes
receipt of currency, goods and other economic benefits.
For units or individuals that sell their newly self- constructed
buildings (hereinafter referred to as 'self- construction'), their
self-construction activities shall be regarded as provision of taxable
services.
Transfers of limited property rights, or permanent rights, to use
immovable properties, and transfers by units of immovable properties by
way of gifts to others shall be regarded as sales of immovable properties.
Article 5
A sales activity that involves both taxable services and goods is
deemed to be a mixed sales activity. Mixed sales activities of
enterprises, enterprise units or individual business operators engaged in
production, wholesale or retail of goods shall be classified as sales of
goods, and Business Tax shall not be levied on the sales; mixed sales
activities of other units and individuals shall be classified as provision
of taxable services, and Business Tax shall be levied on the sales.
Whether taxpayers' sales activities are mixed sales activities shall
be determined by the collection authorities under the State Administration
of Taxation.
"Goods" as mentioned in Paragraph 1 refers to tangible moveable
goods, including electricity, heat and gas.
"Enterprises, enterprise units or individual business operators
engaged in the production, wholesale and retail of goods" as mentioned in
Paragraph 1 include enterprises, units with an enterprise nature and
individual business operators engaged principally in the production,
wholesale and retail of goods, and also engaged in taxable services.
Article 6
For taxpayers engaged in both taxable services and the sales of goods
or non-taxable services, the sales amount of taxable services and the
sales amount of goods or non-taxable services shall be accounted for
separately. For taxpayers that have not accounted for separately or cannot
account for accurately, the taxable services and goods and non-taxable
services shall together be subject to Value Added Tax, and Business Tax
shall not be levied.
Whether the taxable services engaged concurrently by taxpayers are
together subject to Value Added Tax, this tax shall be determined by the
collection authorities under the State Administration of Taxation.
Article 7
Except as otherwise stipulated in Article 8 of these Detailed Rules,
any one of the following activities shall be regarded as provision of
taxable services, transfer of intangible assets or sale of immovable
properties within the territory of the People's Republic of China
(hereinafter referred to as 'within the territory') as mentioned in
Article 1 of the Regulations:
(1) Provision of services occurs within the territory;
(2) Transportation from within the territory of passengers or cargos
to outside the territory;
(3) Organization of tourist groups within the territory to travel
outside the territory;
(4) Transfer of intangible assets to be used within the territory.
(5) Sales of immovable properties located within the territory
Article 8
Any one of the following situations shall be providing insurance
services within the territory:
(1) Insurance services provided by insurance organizations within the
territory, except for insurance provided for export goods by insurance
organizations within the territory.
(2) Insurance services provided by insurance organizations outside
the territory in relation to goods within the territory.
Article 9
"Units" as mentioned in Article 1 of the Regulations refers to
State-owned enterprises, collectively owned enterprises, private
enterprises, joint stock enterprises, other enterprises and administrative
units, institutions, military units, social groups and other units.
"Individuals" as mentioned in Article 1 of the Regulations refers to
individual industrial or commercial households and other individuals that
have business activities.
Article 10
For enterprises which lease or contract to other to operate, the
lessees or sub-contractors shall be the taxpayer.
Article 11
Except otherwise stipulated in Article 12 of these Detailed Rules,
units that are liable to Business Tax shall be those that have taxable
activities and receive money, goods or other economic benefits from the
other parties. They shall include units both with and without independent
accounting.
Article 12
The taxpayer for the business of central railway transportation shall
be the Ministry of Railways. The taxpayers for the business of
Sino-foreign equity joint venture railway transportation shall be the
joint venture railway companies. The taxpayers for the business of local
railway transportation shall be the local organization for railway
administration. The taxpayers for the business of provisional
administration for infrastructural route transportation shall be the
organization for provisional administration for infrastructural routes.
Units engaged in the business of waterway, air, pipeline and other
land transportation liable to Business Tax shall be those units engaged in
transportation business and accountable for profit or loss.
Article 13
Charges of legislative, judicial and administrative authorities that
meet the following conditions shall not be subject to Business Tax;
(1) Charges which are permitted under official documents by the State
Council, provincial People's governments, or the finance or pricing
departments thereunder, and where the charging standard is in accordance
with the stipulations of the documents.
(2) Charges which are collected directly by the legislative, judicial
and administrative authorities themselves.
Article 14
"Other charges" as mentioned in Article 5 of the Regulations shall
include handing fees, funds, fund raising fees, receipts on behalf,
payment on behalf and other charges of every nature received from other
parties.
All other charges shall be included in the turnover in computing the
tax payable regardless of the treatments applicable according to the
stipulations of the accounting policies.
Article 15
Where the prices of the taxpayers providing taxable services,
transferring intangible assets or selling immovable properties are
obviously low and without proper justification, the competent tax
authorities shall have the right to determine the turnover according to
the following sequence:
(1) Determined according to the average prices of similar services
provided or similar immovable properties sold by the taxpayers in the same
month.
(2) Determined according to the average prices of similar services
provided or similar immovable properties sold by the taxpayers in the most
recent period.
(3) Determined according to the following formula:
Assessable Operating (1 + the cost plus margin rate)
value = costs or X -------------------------------
Project costs (1 - Business Tax rate)
The cost-plus margin rate in the above formula shall be determined by
the tax authorities under the People's governments of the provinces,
autonomous regions and municipalities.
Article 16
In accordance with the stipulations of Article 4 of the Regulations,
taxpayers settling the turnover in foreign currencies can select to
convert the turnover into Renminbi according to the exchange rate quoted
by the State of either the date the turnover occurs or on the first date
of the month (the average rate in principle). However, the Renminbi
conversion rate for the turnover of financial and insurance enterprises
shall be the exchange rate ascertained in the prior year's financial
statements.
Taxpayers shall decide in advance the conversion rate selected. Once
selected, it cannot be changed within one year.
Article 17
Turnover of transportation enterprises engaged in through transport
business shall be the turnover actually received.
"Other situations" as mentioned in Item 6 of Article 5 of the
Regulations include tourist enterprises organising tourist groups to
travel within the territory of China. The turnover shall be the balance
of tourist fees received after deduction of room charges, meal charges,
transportation, admission fees and other charges paid to other units on
behalf of the tourists.
Article 18
For taxpayers engaged in construction, repair and decoration project
operations, their turnover shall include the prices of raw materials,
other materials and energy used in the projects irrespective of the method
in which the accounts are settled with the other parties.
For taxpayers engaged in installation project operations, as far as
the price of the equipment installed is taken as part of installation
project sum, their turnover shall include the price of the equipment.
Article 19
The turnover of self-construction activities as mentioned in Article
4 of these Detailed Rules shall be determined with reference to the
stipulations of Article 15 of these Detailed Rules.
Article 20
"Re-lending business" as mentioned in Item (4) of Article 5 of the
Regulations refers to the business of lending to others the funds
borrowed. Lending to others with the funds from deposits taken from units
or individuals and the funds from lender's own capital contributions shall
not be regarded as relenting business.
Article 21
For insurance business that reinsures with other parties, the
turnover of the initial insurance business shall be the total insurance
premiums after deduction of the premiums paid to the reinsurers.
Article 22
For entertainment performances by units or individuals, the turnover
shall be the total box-office proceeds or block-booking proceeds after
deduction of the payments to units providing performance venues,
entertainment companies and managers.
Article 23
Turnover of the entertainment business shall be the various charges
collected from customers in the entertainment business operations,
including box-office receipts, on-stage fees, song dedication fees,
charges on cigarettes and drinks, and other charges in the entertainment
business operations.
Article 24
For travel business, the turnover shall be the balance of total
charges after deduction of payments to other units for meals, lodging and
transportation for the tourists.
For travel enterprises that organise tours within the territory and
then hand over the groups to other travel enterprises, the turnover shall
be determined with reference to the stipulations of Item 2 of Article 5 of
the Regulations.
Article 25
For units giving immovable properties to others as free gift, the
turnover shall be determined with reference to the stipulations of Article
15 of these Detailed Rules.
Article 26
The scope of the tax-exempt items as stipulated in Article 6 of the
Regulations shall be defined as follows:
(1) "Personal services provided on individual basis by the disabled"
as mentioned in Paragraph 1, Item 2 refers to services provided to the
Public by the disabled individual.
(2) "Medical services provided by hospitals, clinics and other
medical institutions" as mentioned in Paragraph 1, Item 3 refers to such
services as diagnosis and treatment to patients, epidemic prevention,
child delivery and family planning, as well as the business of providing
medicine, medical apparatus, hospital lodging and meals in relation to
these services.
(3) "Schools and other educational institutions" as mentioned in
Paragraph 1, Item 4 refers to ordinary schools and schools of various
kinds approved to be established by the People's governments above the
prefecture and city levels or departments for educational administration
under governments of the same level and where the academic qualifications
of their students are recognized by the State.
(4) "Agricultural mechanical ploughing" as mentioned in Paragraph 1,
Item 5 refers to the business of farming operations applying agricultural
machinery in farming, forestry and husbandry (including ploughing,
planting, harvesting, threshing and plant protection).
"Irrigation and drainage" refers to the business of irrigation and
drainage of farmland.
"Prevention and treatment of diseases and insect pests" refers to the
business of forecast, prevention and treatment of diseases and insect
pests for farming, forestry, husbandry and fishery.
"Insurance for farming and husbandry" refers to the business of
providing insurance to animals and plants grown and raised in planting,
breeding and husbandry.
"Related technical training" refers to technical training services
related to the business of agricultural mechanical ploughing, irrigation
and drainage, prevention and treatment of diseases and insect pests, and
plant protection, as well as services to enable the farmers to obtain
knowledge of insurance for farming and husbandry.
The scope of the tax exemption for the breeding and the prevention
and treatment of diseases of poultry, livestock and aquatic animals
includes the business of providing medicine and medical apparatus in
relation to those services.
(5) "Cultural activities conducted by memorial hall, museum, cultural
centre, art gallery, exhibition hall, academy of painting and calligraphy,
library and cultural protective units" as mentioned in Paragraph 1, Item 6
refers to cultural activities that fall within the taxable scope of
taxable items under culture and sports activities conducted by those units
in their own locations. The admission fees refers to the box-office
receipts on the sales at the first entrance.
"Admission fees for cultural and religious activities conducted at
places of religious worship" refers to cultural and religious activities
held by temples, Taoist temples, mosques and churches.
Article 27
The application of the Business Tax minimum threshold as mentioned in
Article 8 of the Regulations shall be limited to individuals.
Ranges for the Business Tax minimum threshold are as follows:
For those assessable on a period basis, the Business Tax minimum
threshold shall be a monthly turnover of 200-800 yuan.
For those assessable on a transaction basis, the Business Tax minimum
threshold shall be turnover of 50 yuan per transaction (or per day).
Taxpayers whose turnovers reach the minimum threshold shall compute
the tax payable based on the total turnover.
The tax authorities under the People's governments of provinces,
autonomous regions and municipalities shall determine the minimum
threshold locally applicable within the prescribed ranges and in
accordance with the actual conditions, and shall report the amounts to the
State Administration of Taxation for their records.
Article 28
For taxpayers transferring land use rights or selling immovable
properties that accept receipts in advance, the timing at which the tax
liability arises shall be the date on which the advance receipts are
received.
For taxpayers that have self-construction activities as mentioned in
Article 4 of these Detailed Rules, the timing at which the tax liability
arises on the self-construction activities shall be the date on which the
self-constructed buildings are sold and the turnovers are received or the
documented evidence of the right to collect the sales sum is obtained.
For taxpayer giving immovable properties to others as free gift, the
timing at which the tax liability arises shall be the date on which the
titles of the immovable properties are transferred.
Article 29
Other withholding agents as mentioned in Article 11 of the
Regulations are defined as follows:
(1) For overseas units or individuals that have taxable activities
within the territory but have not set up any establishment within the
territory, the agents shall be the withholding agents for their tax
payable. If there are no agents, the transferees and the purchasers shall
be the withholding agents.
(2) For units or individuals that present performances where the
tickets are sold by others, the ticket sellers shall be the withholding
agents for their tax payable.
(3) For individual performance managers, the ticket sellers shall be
the withholding agents on their tax payable on the performance management
business.
(4) For reinsurance business, the initial insurers shall be the
withholding agents.
(5) For individuals transferring other intangible assets as mentioned
in Item 2, Article 12 of the Regulations, the transferees shall be the
withholding agents for their tax payable.
Article 30
For taxpayers providing taxable services that take place in a
different county (or city) that should report and pay tax with the
competent tax authorities where the services taken place but have not
reported or paid the tax, the competent tax authorities where the
establishments are located or where the individuals reside shall collect
the overdue tax.
Article 31
Taxpayers with contracted projects extending across provinces,
autonomous regions and municipalities shall report and pay tax to the
competent tax authorities where the establishments are located.
Article 32
For taxpayers that have taxable activities within the area of their
own province, autonomous region and municipality, and need to change the
tax payment location, the location shall be determined by tax authorities
under the People's governments of the province, autonomous region or
municipality.
Article 33
The assessable period for the financial industry (excluding
pawn-broking) shall be one quarter of a year.
The assessable period for the insurance industry shall be one month.
Article 34
The terms "above" and "below" as mentioned in these Detailed Rules
also include the figure or level itself.
Article 35
These Detailed Rules shall be interpreted by the Ministry of Finance
or by the State Administration of Taxation.
Article 36
These Detailed Rules shall be implemented on the same day the
Regulations are come into effect. The the Implementation of the Draft Regulations of the People's Republic of
China on Business Tax> promulgated on September 28, 1984 shall be repealed
on the same date.