“入世”后行政法制建设之走向/江必新

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“入世”后行政法制建设之走向

重庆市政法委副书记江必新

  中国成为世贸组织的成员之后,在行政法制建设方面,需要尽快解决以下问题:

  (一)加速立、改、废,确保WTO的协议和规则在国内得到统一的实施。

  建立世贸易组织协定第十一条规定:各成员必须保证本国的法律规范与WTO规则及协议保持一致。各成员必须以统一、公正、合理的方式实施有关协议。保证WTO的协议和规则在国内得到统一的实施,是WTO成员的一项基本的义务。要确保WTO协议在国内的统一实施,需要做到以下几点:一是对WTO协议已有规定,而国内无相关立法的,应当尽快制定法律或法规以填补漏洞;二是国内有关立法与WTO协议有冲突的,应当适时地进行修改和废止;三是建立有效的过滤机制,不时地将违反WTO协议和规则的规范文件过滤掉。根据国外的经验,还可以考虑引入司法程序;四要真“吃透”WTO各项协议的内容和精神,坚决执行立法法的有关规定,严格立法权限立法程序,防止新的与WTO的协议和规则相冲突的法律规范或“土政策”出台。此外,在不与WTO规则相抵触的前提下,迅速建立和完善国内产业的保护制度。

  (二)加大与贸易有关的法规、规章的透明度,并完善相应的监督机制。

  贸易政策的透明度,是实现国际贸易自由化和公平竞争的必要条件,因而是WTO的协议和规则所高度重视和关注的问题。WTO的协议和规则不仅为各成员方设定了广泛的通知义务以及征求意见、公布法律规范、提供资料、设立咨询点等一系列具体的义务,而且建立了贸易政策审查机制。具体说来,主要有以下要求:一是公开,即所有与国际贸易有关的规范性文件、政策措施都必须依法公布;二是调整贸易政策和制定颁布有关的法律规定,必须提前通知有利害关系的成员,以便其及早做出调整和提出意见;三是向利害关系方提供有关的文本和资料;四是任何个人和单位都可以向咨询点咨询有关法律问题,各成员方有义务设立相关的咨询点,答复有关的法律咨询。当然,透明度原则也有例外,如利息和汇率的调整、涉及国家安全或如果提前公布就会影响法律实施的可以不提前公布。

  在我国,由于立法法的出台,这方面的制度已初具规模,但还有许多制度(例如设立咨询点)还暂付阙如,监督机制还有待于进一步完善,具体运作起来还有诸多问题需要解决。解决上述问题,从长远看,有必要制定行政公开法并适当地引入司法审查机制。

  (三)必须建立公正、合理、高效、统一的行政程序。

  目前我国还没有独立、统一的行政程序法。现有的思路是个先逐个制定、颁布单项的行政行为法(既包括实体、也包括程序),比如行政处罚法,行政许可法、行政强制法等等。这种思路固然有许多优点,但确有“为时太久、赶不上趟”的感觉,而且这种作法将会导致在相当时间内,相当一些行政执法领域无程序法可依的问题。特别是在加入WTO以后,制定统一的行政程序法似乎已迫在眉睫。制定统一的行政程序法,应注意以下几个问题:第一,必须满足最低程度的公正性要求,也就是正当程序的要求;第二,必须要高度重视行政效率问题(WTO规则中多次强调效率问题);第三,必须注意WTO协议和规则对行政程序的特殊要求,比如卫生检疫程序、进口许可程序、反倾销反补贴调查程序、政府采购程序等等。

  (四)进一步理清司法权和行政权的关系。

  我国目前司法权与行政权的关系,与许多国家特别是英美法系国家大不一样。WTO并不要求个成员方改变其现有的宪政体制和法律秩序,但WTO的某些协议涉及到司法权与行政权的配置问题。这需要根据我国的具体情况加以确定,而不能简单地用其他国家的制度来解释相关的要求。

  首先,对“司法当局”(似应译为“实施法律的当局”),不能简单地理解为司法机关,“司法当局”在某些情况下应当理解为包括行政机关和司法机关。

  其次,行政处罚权在许多国家属于司法机关的权力,而我国的行政处罚权已经授予给了行政机关,这一点,并不违反WTO的协议和规则,没有必要改变。

  第三,行政机关拥有对民事争议的初步裁决权,是一个世界性的趋势,也就是说,行政机关可以对平等主体之间的民事争议作出初步的裁决。我国的一些法律赋予行政机关对民事争议的初步裁决权或准司法权,是符合国际潮流的。这种作法不仅可以运用行政机关的专业和技术特长消化大量的民事争议案件,而且可以减少或降低国家解决这些争议的成本。因此我国目前的有关制度基本上是符合WTO的要求的,没有必要作大的调整。

  第四,行政复议作为行政诉讼的前置程序,在我国目前尚不具有普遍性。WTO的协议和规则虽然强调行政救济主管机关的独立性,但并没有排除行政复议作为行政诉讼前置程序的可能性。尤其应当强调的是,增加行政复议前置程序对于避免行政争议的国际化、为我国政府赢得调整贸易政策的时间,具有重要的意义。因此,强化行政机关自身的救济仍然是必要的。

  第五,行政行为的强制执行仅在有的国家属于行政权的范畴,在有的国家属于司法权的范畴。行政行为的强制执行权,是赋予行政机关还是赋予法院,WTO的协议和规则并没有作硬性要求。笔者认为,可以考虑将行政行为的强制执行权相对集中于行政机关,但必须设立相应的救济程序。

  (五)通过修改国内立法,取消不适当的行政终局裁决制度。

  根据WTO规则的要求和精神,各成员方在国际贸易方面应当取消不适当的行政终局裁决制度,给有关当事人提供行政救济的机会。特别是在知识产权领域,WTO不承认行政终局裁决制度。而在我国目前的法律制度中,有些不合理的行政终局裁决权依然存在。

  对于法治国家来说,法院行使最终裁决权是一个基本原则。但法院并不是对什么事情都拥有终局裁决权。从国际上的惯例来看,不能拥有终局裁决权的事项主要有两个方面:一是不可能审查;二是没有必要审查。不可能审查是指法院不可能对该项行政行为进行合法性审查或评价,例如国家行为;三是具有高度的技术性,但从国际上的发展趋势来看,被认为不可审查的技术领域越来越小,几乎接近于零。没有必要审查是指没有侵权事实或可能,或者不具有实质性的审查意义。我国有些法律规定的行政终局裁决权,是否具有这两个特性?不少人认为:与知识产权有关的决定,公安机关关于外国人入境的行政处罚决定,政府关于土地资源确权的决定,既不具有高度的政治性,又不具有高度的技术性,有的虽然具有一定的技术性,但还没有到不可审查的程度。

  还应当看到,缩小行政终局裁决权的范围,扩大行政救济的机会,不仅是履行入世的义务和责任的问题,而且对于避免贸易争端的国际化、维护我国在国际贸易中的法制形象、为我国赢得调整贸易政策的时间都有着重要的意义。因此,有必要迅速通过修改国内立法尽可能地缩小行政终局裁决权的范围。

  (六)要通过国内立法,迅速地完善司法审查的依据和标准。

  关于司法审查的依据和标准,有的观点认为,WTO的协议和规则可以直接适用。但笔者认为,人民法院进行司法审查,不宜直接适用WTO的协议和规则。主要有以下几点理由:第一,WTO的协议倾向于各成员将WTO的协议和规则转变为各成员的国内法,因为转变为国内法是使WTO的协议在各成员管辖的区域内统一实施的重要保障。第二,WTO协议的内容,尤其是关于政府行为的内容,大多比较原则、抽象,不具有操作性,有必要通过国内立法进行具体化,尤其在我们这样一个成文法国家,直接适用WTO规则有一定的困难。第三,直接适用WTO的协议和规则,对中国公民或组织不能形成平等保护,因为适用法律上的二元体制必然导致对同样的事情只因为当事人的国籍不同而适用不同的法律规范。第四,直接适用不利于国内贸易保护措施的建立和完善。不能指望WTO协议详细而周密地规定国内贸易保护问题。各成员方应当履行WTO协议和规则所确定的义务,同时,也有权采取WTO协议和规则所允许的国内贸易保护措施。如果照搬WTO的协议和规则,显然不利于国内贸易措施的建立和完善。第五,不直接适用WTO的协议和规则,可以为我国政府调整贸易政策留有余地,从而减少不必要的损失。



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中华人民共和国涉外经济合同法(附英文)

全国人民代表大会


中华人民共和国主席令(六届第22号)

《中华人民共和国涉外经济合同法》已由中华人民共和国第六届全国人民代表大会常务委员会第十次会议于1985年3月21日通过,现予公布,自1985年7月1日起施行。

中华人民共和国主席 李先念
1985年3月21日




中华人民共和国涉外经济合同法

(1985年3月21日第六届全国人民代表大会常务委员会第十次会议通过 1985年3月21日中华人民共和国主席令第二十二号公布 自1985年7月1日起施行)

第一章 总 则
第一条 为了保障涉外经济合同当事人的合法权益,促进我国对外经济关系的发展,特制定本法。
第二条 本法的适用范围是中华人民共和国的企业或者其他经济组织同外国的企业和其他经济组织或者个人之间订立的经济合同(以下简称合同)。但是,国际运输合同除外。
第三条 订立合同,应当依据平等互利、协商一致的原则。
第四条 订立合同,必须遵守中华人民共和国法律,并不得损害中华人民共和国的社会公共利益。
第五条 合同当事人可以选择处理合同争议所适用的法律。当事人没有选择的,适用与合同有最密切联系的国家的法律。
在中华人民共和国境内履行的中外合资经营企业合同、中外合作经营企业合同、中外合作勘探开发自然资源合同,适用中华人民共和国法律。
中华人民共和国法律未作规定的,可以适用国际惯例。
第六条 中华人民共和国缔结或者参加的与合同有关的国际条约同中华人民共和国法律有不同规定的,适用该国际条约的规定。但是,中华人民共和国声明保留的条款除外。
第二章 合同的订立
第七条 当事人就合同条款以书面形式达成协议并签字,即为合同成立。通过信件、电报、电传达成协议,一方当事人要求签订确认书的,签订确认书时,方为合同成立。
中华人民共和国法律、行政法规规定应当由国家批准的合同,获得批准时,方为合同成立。
第八条 合同订明的附件是合同的组成部分。
第九条 违反中华人民共和国法律或者社会公共利益的合同无效。
合同中的条款违反中华人民共和国法律或者社会公共利益的,经当事人协商同意予以取消或者改正后,不影响合同的效力。
第十条 采取欺诈或者胁迫手段订立的合同无效。
第十一条 当事人一方对合同无效负有责任的,应当对另一方因合同无效而遭受的损失负赔偿责任。
第十二条 合同一般应当具备以下条款:
一、合同当事人的名称或者姓名、国籍、主营业所或者住所;
二、合同签订的日期、地点;
三、合同的类型和合同标的的种类、范围;
四、合同标的的技术条件、质量、标准、规格、数量;
五、履行的期限、地点和方式;
六、价格条件、支付金额、支付方式和各种附带的费用;
七、合同能否转让或者合同转让的条件;
八、违反合同的赔偿和其他责任;
九、合同发生争议时的解决方法;
十、合同使用的文字及其效力。
第十三条 合同应当视需要约定当事人对履行标的承担风险的界限;必要时应当约定对标的的保险范围。
第十四条 对于需要较长期间连续履行的合同,当事人应当约定合同的有效期限,并可以约定延长合同期限和提前终止合同的条件。
第十五条 当事人可以在合同中约定担保。担保人在约定的担保范围内承担责任。
第三章 合同的履行和违反合同的责任
第十六条 合同依法成立,即具有法律约束力。当事人应当履行合同约定的义务,任何一方不得擅自变更或者解除合同。
第十七条 当事人一方有另一方不能履行合同的确切证据时,可以暂时中止履行合同,但是应当立即通知另一方;当另一方对履行合同提供了充分的保证时,应当履行合同。当事人一方没有另一方不能履行合同的确切证据,中止履行合同的,应当负违反合同的责任。
第十八条 当事人一方不履行合同或者履行合同义务不符合约定条件,即违反合同的,另一方有权要求赔偿损失或者采取其他合理的补救措施。采取其他补救措施后,尚不能完全弥补另一方受到的损失的,另一方仍然有权要求赔偿损失。
第十九条 当事人一方违反合同的赔偿责任,应当相当于另一方因此所受到的损失,但是不得超过违反合同一方订立合同时应当预见到的因违反合同可能造成的损失。
第二十条 当事人可以在合同中约定,一方违反合同时,向另一方支付一定数额的违约金;也可以约定对于违反合同而产生的损失赔偿额的计算方法。
合同中约定的违约金,视为违反合同的损失赔偿。但是,约定的违约金过分高于或者低于违反合同所造成的损失的,当事人可以请求仲裁机构或者法院予以适当减少或者增加。
第二十一条 当事人双方都违反合同的,应当各自承担相应的责任。
第二十二条 当事人一方因另一方违反合同而受到损失的,应当及时采取适当措施防止损失的扩大;没有及时采取适当措施致使损失扩大的,无权就扩大的损失要求赔偿。
第二十三条 当事人一方未按期支付合同规定的应付金额或者与合同有关的其他应付金额的,另一方有权收取迟延支付金额的利息。计算利息的方法,可以在合同中约定。
第二十四条 当事人因不可抗力事件不能履行合同的全部或者部分义务的,免除其全部或者部分责任。
当事人一方因不可抗力事件不能按合同约定的期限履行的,在事件的后果影响持续的期间内,免除其迟延履行的责任。
不可抗力事件是指当事人在订立合同时不能预见、对其发生和后果不能避免并不能克服的事件。
不可抗力事件的范围,可以在合同中约定。
第二十五条 当事人一方因不可抗力事件不能履行合同的全部或者部分义务的,应当及时通知另一方,以减轻可能给另一方造成的损失,并应在合理期间内提供有关机构出具的证明。
第四章 合同的转让
第二十六条 当事人一方将合同权利和义务的全部或者部分转让给第三者的,应当取得另一方的同意。
第二十七条 中华人民共和国法律、行政法规规定应当由国家批准成立的合同,其权利和义务的转让,应当经原批准机关批准。但是,已批准的合同中另有约定的除外。
第五章 合同的变更、解除和终止
第二十八条 经当事人协商同意后,合同可以变更。
第二十九条 有下列情形之一的,当事人一方有权通知另一方解除合同:
一、另一方违反合同,以致严重影响订立合同所期望的经济利益;
二、另一方在合同约定的期限内没有履行合同,在被允许推迟履行的合理期限内仍未履行;
三、发生不可抗力事件,致使合同的全部义务不能履行;
四、合同约定的解除合同的条件已经出现。
第三十条 对于包含几个相互独立部分的合同,可以依据前条的规定,解除其中的一部分而保留其余部分的效力。
第三十一条 有下列情形之一的,合同即告终止:
一、合同已按约定条件得到履行;
二、仲裁机构裁决或者法院判决终止合同;
三、双方协商同意终止合同。
第三十二条 变更或者解除合同的通知或者协议,应当采用书面形式。
第三十三条 中华人民共和国法律、行政法规规定应当由国家批准成立的合同,其重大变更应当经原批准机关批准,其解除应当报原批准机关备案。
第三十四条 合同的变更、解除或者终止,不影响当事人要求赔偿损失的权利。
第三十五条 合同约定的解决争议的条款,不因合同的解除或者终止而失去效力。
第三十六条 合同约定的结算和清理条款,不因合同的解除或者终止而失去效力。
第六章 争议的解决
第三十七条 发生合同争议时,当事人应当尽可能通过协商或者通过第三者调解解决。
当事人不愿协商、调解的,或者协商、调解不成的,可以依据合同中的仲裁条款或者事后达成的书面仲裁协议,提交中国仲裁机构或者其他仲裁机构仲裁。
第三十八条 当事人没有在合同中订立仲裁条款,事后又没有达成书面仲裁协议的,可以向人民法院起诉。
第七章 附 则
第三十九条 货物买卖合同争议提起诉讼或者仲裁的期限为四年,自当事人知道或者应当知道其权利受到侵犯之日起计算。其他合同争议提起诉讼或者仲裁的期限由法律另行规定。
第四十条 在中华人民共和国境内履行、经国家批准成立的中外合资经营企业合同、中外合作经营企业合同、中外合作勘探开发自然资源合同,在法律有新的规定时,可以仍然按照合同的规定执行。
第四十一条 本法施行之日前成立的合同,经当事人协商同意,可以适用本法。
第四十二条 国务院依据本法制定实施细则。
第四十三条 本法自1985年7月1日起施行。


LAW OF THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA ON ECONOMIC CONTRACTSINVOLVING FOREIGN INTEREST

Important Notice: (注意事项)

英文本源自中华人民共和国务院法制局编译, 中国法制出版社出版的《中华人民
共和国涉外法规汇编》(1991年7月版).
当发生歧意时, 应以法律法规颁布单位发布的中文原文为准.
This English document is coming from "LAWS AND REGULATIONS OF THE
PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA GOVERNING FOREIGN-RELATED MATTERS" (1991.7)
which is compiled by the Brueau of Legislative Affairs of the State
Council of the People's Republic of China, and is published by the China
Legal System Publishing House.
In case of discrepancy, the original version in Chinese shall prevail.

Whole Document (法规全文)

LAW OF THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA ON ECONOMIC CONTRACTS
INVOLVING FOREIGN INTEREST
(Adopted at the Tenth Session of the Standing Committee of the
Sixth National People's Congress, promulgated by Order No. 22 of the
President of the People's Republic of China on March 21, 1985, and
effective as of July 1, 1985)

Contents

Chapter I General Provisions
Chapter II The Conclusion of Contracts
Chapter III The Performance of Contracts and Liability for Breach of
Contract
Chapter IV The Assignment of Contracts
Chapter V The Modification, Rescission and Termination of Contracts
Chapter VI The Settlement of Disputes
Chapter VII Supplementary Provisions

Chapter I General Provisions

Article 1
This Law is formulated with a view to protecting the lawful rights and
interests of the parties to Chinese-foreign economic contracts and
promoting the development of China's foreign economic relations.
Article 2
This Law shall apply to economic contracts concluded between enterprises
or other economic organizations of the People's Republic of China and
foreign enterprises, other economic organizations or individuals.
(hereinafter referred to as "contracts"). However, this provision shall
not apply to international transport contracts.
Article 3
Contracts shall be concluded according to the principle of equality and
mutual benefit and the principle of achieving agreement through
consultation.
Article 4
In concluding a contract, the parties must abide by the law of the
People's Republic of China and shall not harm the public interest of the
People's Republic of China.
Article 5
The parties to a contract may choose the proper law applicable to the
settlement of contract disputes. In the absence of such a choice by the
parties, the law of the country which has the closest connection with the
contract shall apply. The law of the People's Republic of China shall
apply to contracts that are to be performed within the territory of the
People's Republic of China, namely contracts for Chinese-foreign equity
joint ventures, Chinese-foreign contractual joint ventures and Chinese-
foreign cooperative exploration and development of natural resources. For
matters that are not covered in the law of the People's Republic of China,
international practice shall be followed.
Article 6
Where an international treaty which is relevant to a contract, and to
which the People's Republic of China is a contracting party or a
signatory, has provided differently from the law of the People's Republic
of China, the provisions of the international treaty shall prevail, with
the exception of those clauses on which the People's Republic of China has
declared reservation.

Chapter II The Conclusion of Contracts

Article 7
A contract shall be formed as soon as the parties to it have reached a
written agreement on the terms and have signed the contract. If an
agreement is reached by means of letters, telegrams or telex and one party
requests a signed letter of confirmation, the contract shall be formed
only after the letter of confirmation is signed. Contracts which are
subject to the approval of the state, as provided for by the laws or
administrative regulations of the People's Republic of China, shall be
formed only after such approval is granted.
Article 8
Appendices specified in a contract shall be integral parts of the
contract.
Article 9
Contracts that violate the law or the public interest of the People's
Republic of China shall be void.
In case any terms in a contract violate the law or the public interest of
the People's Republic of China, the validity of the contract shall not be
affected if such terms are cancelled or modified by the parties through
consultations.
Article 10
Contracts that are concluded by means of fraud or duress shall be void.
Article 11
A party which is responsible for the invalidity of a contract shall be
liable for the losses suffered by the other party as a result of the
contracts becoming invalid.
Article 12
A contract shall, in general, contain the following terms:
(1) the corporate or personal names of the contracting parties and their
nationalities and principal places of business or domicile;
(2) the date and place of the signing of the contract;
(3) the type of contract and the kind and scope of the object of the
contract;
(4) The technical conditions, quality, standard, specifications and
quantity of the object of the contract;
(5) the time limit, place and method of performance;
(6) the price, amount and method of payment, and various incidental
charges;
(7) whether the contract is assignable and, if it is, the conditions for
its assignment;
(8) liability to pay compensation and other liabilities for breach of
contract;
(9) the ways for settling contract disputes; and
(10) the language(s) in which the contract is to be written and its
validity.

Article 13
So far as it may require, a contract shall provide for the limits of the
risks to be borne by the parties in performing the object; if necessary,
it shall provide for the coverage of insurance for the object.
Article 14
Where a contract needs to be performed continuously over a long period,
the parties shall set a period of validity for the contract and may also
stipulate conditions for its extension and its termination before its
expiry.
Article 15
In the contract the parties may agree to provide a guaranty. The guarantor
shall be held liable within the agreed scope of guaranty.

Chapter III The Performance of Contracts and Liability for Breach of Contract

Article 16
A contract shall be legally bindings as soon as it is established in
accordance with the law. The parties shall perform their obligations
stipulated in the contract. No party shall unilaterally modify or rescind
the contract.
Article 17
A party may temporarily suspend its performance of the contract if it has
conclusive evidence that the other party is unable to perform the
contract. However, it shall immediately inform the other party of such
suspension. It shall perform the contract if and when the other party
provides a sure guarantee for performance of the contract. If a party
suspends performance of the contract without conclusive evidence of the
other party's inability to perform the contract, it shall be liable for
breach of contract.
Article 18
If a party fails to perform the contract or its performance of the
contractual obligations does not conform to the agreed terms. which
constitutes a breach of contract, the other party is entitled to claim
damages or demand other reasonable remedial measures. If the losses
suffered by the other party cannot be completely made up after the
adoption of such remedial measures, the other party shall still have the
right to claim damages.
Article 19
The liability of a party to pay compensation for the breach of a contract
shall be equal to the loss suffered by the other party as a consequence of
the breach. However, such compensation may not exceed the loss which the
party responsible for the breach ought to have foreseen at the time of the
conclusion of the contract as a possible consequence of a breach of
contract.
Article 20
The parties may agree in a contract that, if one party breaches the
contract, it shall pay a certain amount of breach of contract damages to
the other party; they may also agree upon a method for calculating the
damages resulting from such a breach. The breach of contract damages as
stipulated in the contract shall be regarded as compensation for the
losses resulting from breach of contract. However, if the contractually
agreed breach of contract damages are far more or far less than is
necessary to compensate for the losses resulting from the breach, the
party concerned may request an arbitration body or a court to reduce or
increase them appropriately.

Article 21
If both parties breach the contract, each shall be commensurately liable
for the breach of contract that is its responsibility.
Article 22
A party which suffers losses resulting from a breach of contract by the
other party shall promptly take appropriate measures to prevent the losses
from becoming severer. If the losses are aggravated as a result of its
failure to adopt appropriate measures, it shall not be entitled to claim
compensation for the aggravated part of the losses.
Article 23
If a party fails to pay on time any amount stipulated as payable in the
contract or any other amount related to the contract that is payable, the
other party is entitled to interest on the amount in arrears. The method
for calculating the interest may be specified in the contract.
Article 24
If a party is prevented from performing all or part of its obligations
owing to force majeure, it shall be relieved of all or part of its
obligations.
If a party cannot perform its obligations within the contractually agreed
time limit owing to force majeure, it shall be relieved of the liability
for delayed performance during the aftereffect of the event.
Force majeure means an event that the parties could not have foreseen at
the time of conclusion of the contract, both parties being unable to
either avoid or overcome its occurrence and consequences.
The scope of force majeure may be specified in the contract.
Article 25
The party which fails to perform wholly or in part its contractual
obligations owing to force majeure shall promptly inform the other party
so as to mitigate possible losses inflicted on the other party, and shall
also provide a certificate issued by the relevant agency within a
reasonable period of time.

Chapter IV The Assignment of Contracts

Article 26
When a party assigns, wholly or in part, its contractual rights and
obligations to a third party, it must obtain the consent of the other
party.
Article 27
In the case of a contract which, according to the laws or administrative
regulations of the People's Republic of China, is to be formed with the
approval of the state, the assignment of the contractual rights and
obligations shall be subject to the approval of the authority which
approved the contract, unless otherwise stipulated in the approved
contract.

Chapter V The Modification, Rescission and Termination of Con- tracts

Article 28
A contract may be modified if both parties agree through consultation.
Article 29
A party shall have the right to notify the other party that a contract is
rescinded in any of the following situations:
(1) if the other party has breached the contract, thus adversely affecting
the economic benefits they expected to receive at the time of the
conclusion of the contract;
(2) if the other party fails to perform the contract within the time limit
agreed upon in the contract, and again fails to perform it within the
reasonable period of time allowed for delayed performance;
(3) if all the obligations under the contract cannot be performed owing to
force majeure; or
(4) if the contractually agreed conditions for the rescission of the
contract are present.
Article 30
For a contract consisting of several independent parts, some may be
rescinded according to the provisions of the preceding article while the
other parts remain valid.
Article 31
A contract shall be terminated in any one of the following situations:
(1) if the contract has already been performed in accordance with the
agreed terms;
(2) if an arbitration body or a court has decided that the contract shall
be terminated; or
(3) if the parties agree through consultation to terminate the contract.
Article 32
Notices or agreements on the modification or rescission of contracts shall
be made in writing.
Article 33
In the case of a contract which, according to the laws or administrative
regulations of the People's Republic of China, is to be established with
the approval of the state, any significant modification of the contract
shall be subject to the approval of the authority which approved the
contract, and the rescission of the contract shall be filed with the same
authority for the record.
Article 34
The modification, rescission or termination of a contract shall not affect
the rights of the parties to claim damages.
Article 35
The contractually agreed terms for the settlement of disputes shall not
become invalid because of the rescission or termination of a contract.

Article 36
The contractually agreed terms for the settlement of accounts and
liquidation of a contract shall not become invalid because of the
rescission or termination of the contract.

Chapter VI The Settlement of Disputes

Article 37
If disputes over a contract develop, the parties shall, as far as
possible, settle them through consultation, or through mediation by a
third party.
If the parties are unwilling to settle their dispute through consultation
or mediation, or if consultation or mediation proves unsuccessful, they
may, in accordance with the arbitration clause provided in the contract or
a written arbitration agreement reached by the parties afterwards, submit
the dispute to a Chinese arbitration body or any other arbitration body
for arbitration.
Article 38
If no arbitration clause is provided in the contract, and a written
arbitration agreement is not reached afterwards, the parties may bring
suit in a people's court.

Chapter VII Supplementary Provisions

Article 39
The time limit for filing suit or applying for arbitration in a dispute
over a contract for the purchase and sale of goods shall be four years,
counting from the day when the party was aware or ought to have been aware
of its rights' being infringed upon. The time limit for filing suit or
applying for arbitration in a dispute over any other contract shall be
stipulated separately by law.
Article 40
If new legal provisions are formulated while contracts for Chinese-foreign
equity joint ventures, Chinese-foreign contractual joint ventures, or
Chinese-foreign cooperative exploration and development of natural
resources, which have been concluded with the approval of the state, are
being performed within the territory of the People's Republic of China,
the performance may still be based on the terms of the contracts.
Article 41
This Law may apply to contracts concluded before it goes into effect if
this is agreed to by the parties through consultation.
Article 42
The State Council shall, in accordance with this Law, formulate rules for
its implementation.
Article 43
This Law shall go into effect on July 1, 1985.



1985年3月21日

江西省人民代表大会常务委员会关于修改《江西省山林权属争议调解处理办法》的决定

江西省人大


江西省人民代表大会常务委员会关于修改《江西省山林权属争议调解处理办法》的决定
江西省人民代表大会


(1997年8月15日江西省第八届人民代表大会常务委员会第二十九次会议通过)


江西省第八届人民代表大会常务委员会第二十九次会议根据省人民政府的提议,决定对《江西省山林权属争议调解处理办法》作如下修改:
一、第三十二条修改为:“在调处山林权属争议中,伪造、涂改证据或者指使、胁迫、诱骗、贿赂他人作伪证的,由当地县级以上人民政府林业行政主管部门视情节轻重,予以警告或者处以200元以下罚款;国家工作人员有上述行为之一的,由其所在单位或者上级主管机关予以行政
处分;构成犯罪的,依法追究刑事责任。”
二、第三十四条第一款修改为:“违反本办法第六条规定,擅自进入有争议的山林范围内从事砍伐林木等林事活动或者其他生产建设活动的,由争议双方共同的上一级林业行政主管部门责令立即停止,并视情节轻重,予以警告、没收违法所得,并可没收从事林事活动或者其他生产建设
活动的设施、工具。”
本决定自公布之日起施行。




1997年8月20日